Country's official name
At the beginning of the Bronze Age, the Viet tribe groups had settled down in the North and in the north of Central Vietnam. There were about 15 groups of Lac Viet tribesmen living mainly in the northern highland and delta and a dozen Au Viet groups of tribesmen living in Viet Bac, the northern region of old Vietnam.
♦ Van Lang (2876 BC – 258
BC)
At that time, the two ethnic tribes of the Lac Viet and Au
Viet lived together in many areas with other inhabitants. Due to the
increasing need to control floods, fight against invaders, and
exchange culture and economy, these tribes living near each other
tended to gather together and integrate into a larger mixed group.
Among these Lac Viet tribes was the Van Lang, which was the most
powerful tribe. The leader of this tribe joined all the Lac Viet
tribes together to found Van Lang Nation, addressing himself as King
Hung. The next generations followed in their father’s footsteps and
kept this appellation. Based on historical documents, researchers
correlatively delineated the location of Van Lang Nation to the
present day regions of North and north of Central Vietnam, as well
as the south of present-day Kwangsi (China). The Van Lang Nation
approximately lasted from the beginning of the first millennium B.C.
to the 3rd century B.C.
♦
Au Lac (257 BC – 207 BC)
In 221 BC, Qin Shihuangdi (Tan Thuy Hoang), King of Qin (China),
invaded the land of the Viet tribes. Thuc Phan, the leader of the
alliance of Au-Viet tribes was respected as the chief of the
resistance war against the Tan enemy that later, in 208 BC, was
forced to withdraw. With his imposing power, Thuc Phan nominated
himself as King An Duong Vuong and founded Au Lac Nation with groups
of Lac Viet and Au Viet tribes. In 207 BC, Trieu Da, King of Nam
Viet (China), invaded Au Lac country. The
resistance of An Duong Vuong failed soon after this invasion. As a
result, the northern feudalist took turns dominating the country
over the next seven centuries, establishing their harsh regime in
the country and dividing the country into administrative regions and
districts with unfamiliar names. However, the country’s name of Au
Lac could not be erased from the people’s minds in their everyday
life.
♦
Van Xuan (544-602)
In the spring of 542, Ly Bi rose up in arms and
swept away the Chinese administration, liberating the territory. He
declared himself King of Van Xuan Kingdom in
February 544, acknowledging the national superiority complex of the
independent spirits to live in eternal peace. However, the existence
of Ly Bi’s administration was very brief. He was defeated by the
Chinese imperial army, and the country returned to feudal Chinese
domination again in 602. The name Van Xuan was restored only after
the victory over the Han army at the Bach Dang River led by General
Ngo Quyen in 938. This victory marked the end of the Chinese
domination period in Vietnam.
♦
Dai Co Viet (968 – 1054)
In 968, Dinh Bo Linh defeated the twelve lords and unified the
country. He declared himself King and named the country Dai
Co Viet. This name remained throughout the Dinh Dynasty
(968-980), Pre-Le Dynasty (980-1009) and the beginning of Ly Dynasty
(1010-1225).
♦
Dai Viet (1054 – 1802)
In 1054, a flaming bright star appeared in the sky
for many days, which was considered a good omen. As a result, the
King Ly changed the name of the country to Dai Viet.
This name remained until the end of Tran Dynasty (1126 - 1400). The
name Dai Viet remained under the Le Dynasty (1428-1788) and the Tay
Son Dynasty (1788-1802).
♦
Dai Ngu (1400 – 1406)
In March 1400, Ho Quy Ly usurped the throne of King
Tran Thieu De, founded the Ho Dynasty and changed the country’s name
to Dai Ngu, meaning peace in the ancient language.
This name only lasted for very short time, until April 1407, when
the Ming enemy invaded Dai Ngu and defeated the Ho Dynasty (1400-
1407).
After 10 years of resistance against the Ming occupation
(1418-1427), Le Loi had achieved a victorious triumph. In 1428, Le
Loi declared himself King of Le Dynasty and changed the name of the
country back to Dai Viet. At this time, the territory of Vietnam had
expanded to the region of present-day Hue.
♦ Viet Nam
In 1802, Nguyen Anh claimed his coronation to become the first King
Nguyen, starting the Nguyen dynasty and changing the country’s name
to Viet Nam. This name was officially recognized in
many diplomatic missions in 1804. However, the words "Viet Nam" had
already appeared very early in history. In the 14th century, there
was a book of code entitled "Viet Nam the Chi", edited by Doctor Ho
Tong Thoc. In the book by scholar Nguyen Trai entitled "Du Dia Chi"
at the beginning of 15th century; the words "Viet Nam" were repeated
several times. Doctor Trinh Nguyen Binh Khiem (1491-1585) had
written on the first page of his work "Trinh Tien Sinh Quoc Ngu" the
following: "... Viet Nam have constructed its foundation..." The
words "Viet Nam" were also found in some carved stelae of the 16th -
17th century in Bao Lam Pagoda, Haiphong (1558), in Cam Lo Pagoda,
Ha Tay (1590), in Phuc Thanh Pagoda, Bac Ninh (1664), etc. In
particular, in the first sentence on the stele Thuy Mon Dinh (1670)
at the landmark on the border at Lang Son, it was written: "This is
the gateway of Viet Nam that guards the northern frontiers..." In
terms of meaning, there are many theories that prove the words "Viet
Nam" are created by combining two racial and geographic elements,
which is understood as "Viet people from the south". During the
reign of King Minh Mang (1820-1840), the name of the country was
changed to Dai Nam, but Viet Nam was still widely used in many
literary works, civil business affairs, and social relations.
Following the triumph of the August Revolution on August 19th 1945,
which had entirely swept away Vietnamese feudal and French colonial
oppression and began a new era in the country, President Ho Chi Minh
proclaimed the nation’s independence and the national name
Democratic Republic of Vietnam was born on September 2nd
1945. Although Vietnam suffered from war and separation in the
following 30 years, the sacred words "Viet Nam" were very popularly
used from the North to the South, and were deeply imprinted in the
hearts of the Vietnamese people.
Following the liberation of Southern Vietnam on April 30 1975, the
entire country of Vietnam was completely unified. In the first
meeting of the National Assembly of the Unified Vietnam on July 2nd
1976, the assembly decided to name the country The Socialist
Republic of Vietnam. The constitution of 1980, and 1992,
continued its affirmation of the country’s official name, legally
and actually.
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Source: VNAT |
